我们中的许多人,尤其是那些不是在农场长大的人,对农场是什么样的有一些奇怪的刻板印象。所有的奶牛都是黑白相间的,所有的农民都穿工作服,所有的谷仓都被漆成红色。我记得我继承的最奇怪的观点之一是山羊喜欢吃锡罐。我童年的彩绘书上的所有图像都告诉我这一点!
现在,我相信过去的一些牧羊人可能对他的山羊像一个勇敢的蹒跚学步的孩子一样咬进嘴里任何东西感到恼火,于是创造了这个想法。但这些笑话,如果没有现实经验的支持,有时会脱离笑话的范围,以某种方式融入现实,让像我这样的成年人想知道……山羊到底吃什么?我那袋可回收物品肯定不会吸引他们,不是吗?
However, as a new homesteader, I now have had my own goats and have talked with lots of other goat keepers. I’m officially here to dispel the myth and declare to the world at large: Goats don’t eat tin cans. What they do eat is a lot more nutritious and diverse than you might expect!
In general, goats eat the following:
- Foraged foods: tree branches, brambles, berries, herbs, etc.
- Hay: provided by the farmer
- Supplemental nutrients: generally in the form of either storebought or homemade concentrate
Read on to learn more about each food source and how I feed my own goats.
Foraged Food
关于饲养山羊,你必须了解的第一件事是它们的设计。山羊和绵羊、牛一样,都是反刍动物。这意味着它们有多个胃,能够处理各种各样的植物物质。但与绵羊和奶牛不同的是,山羊是食草动物,而不是食草动物。所以,尽管你可能会想象看到一片田野里满是山羊在开心地吃草,但它们在食物偏好上更像野鹿。
Though they like grass well enough, a brushy, tangled thicket of saplings, tree branches, and herbs is much more their style! And in fact, among livestock, goats can eat the widest range of plants. They can digest material that other animals cannot, so they can feed on nearly any terrain.
Historically, goats have always been a last-resort animal for pastoral cultures. When the land begins to turn to desert, unable to support the more specific needs of cattle or sheep, goats have always been able to scrape together subsistence from whatever’s left on the land (Shepard,Restoration Agriculturep. 129). Thrifty and tough when the going gets rough, many goats will do what it takes to survive.
But if you’re a goat keeper, you don’t want your goats to just survive … you want them to thrive! And one of the best ways to help your goats enjoy their caprine lives to the fullest is to ensure that they have healthy options for feeding.
Let your goats browse for most of their food, following their natural instincts to reach up—not bend down—for the tasty nibbles they enjoy. Though letting them run wild in the woods is not a good idea, having a large, safe, fenced area with a guard animal can give them the opportunities to find what they love and need.
If you have the infrastructure for it, creating a rotational grazing system would be fantastic. Famed herbalist and animal healer Juliette de Bairacli Levy writes that a goat “needs a portion of twigs, branches, and bark of woodland trees for healthful diet, and suffers in health if deprived of such fare” (de Bairacli Levy,The Complete Herbal Handbook for Farm and Stable,p. 215).
The benefits of letting goats free-range in a wooded area of your property are obvious: you spend less on food, goats get the dense nutrients from wild plants and herbs, and they may not need any supplemental feeds and minerals, depending on how many animals you have. In fact,several studies have shownthat common pasture weeds like chicory and plantain are loaded with needed goat minerals like copper and zinc!
Another necessary mineral is cobalt. It allows your goat to synthesize vitamin B12. Many commercial farmers feed their goats alfalfa hay for its cobalt content, but “almost any weed in your garden has more cobalt than alfalfa” (Belanger,Storey’s Guide To Raising Dairy Goats, p. 104). Goats that forage may have far fewer digestive issues than their barn-confined counterparts since grain is not as big a part of their feeding.
此外,你还可以看到你的山羊像……嗯,山羊一样生活和行动,这让你感到满足和快乐!
Foraging Without Wooded Acres
Now, if you love the idea of feeding your goats naturally but don’t have endless fenced acres of wooded land to offer them, you can still let your goats feed the way they like to. One method that Juliette recommends is walking the herd through woodlands at noon every day. If they’re trained correctly they won’t stray from their keeper (de Bairacli Levy,The Complete Herbal Handbook for Farm and Stable,p. 215-216).
But what if you have to keep your goats confined? You can still offer them the benefits of foraging! Goats will relish fresh-cut branches from most trees—the only ones you really need to avoid are wilted cherry leaves as they arehigh in cyanide and can be poisonous to goats. Whenever we pruned our fruit trees, our goats were giddy with excitement. To encourage them to eat, hang the branches on a fence post or from a gate, rather than throwing them on the ground. Goats enjoy stretching up to eat their food, rather than picking it from below.
You can also offer your goats fresh-cut herbs and weeds from the garden and from around your land, as long as it hasn’t been sprayed with herbicide, of course! While goats in the wild may have the instincts to know what plants are good and what are bad, confined goats may be curious or bored enough to eat anything and everything you give them.
Hay
Now, if you don’t have the land to let your goats forage, and you don’t have access or the time to collect fodder for your goats, there are more conventional ways to feed them. Dairy goats have somewhat more specific needs than meat goats, but for the purposes of this article, we’ll stick to general food needs.
Goats that depend on you for their feed need hay. “Legume hays, such as alfalfa,clover, soybean, vetch, and lespedeza, provide excellent nutrition for kids, pregnant does, and lactating does. Grass hays, such as timothy, red top, Sudan, bromegrass, and fescue are less nutritious. A good all-purpose hay is a 50-50 grass-legume mix.” (Gail Damerow, 186). Never feed your goats moldy hay. This can make them quite sick.
Common Goat Supplements
If your goats are confined and are being fed hay, they need additional sources of nutrients. This is where concentrate comes in. Sometimes called “grain ration,” this is a concentrated source of protein, nutrients, and minerals. You can buy concentrate pre-made, or you can mix it at home.
Pre-made concentrates will probably contain corn and soy, salt, bran, oil meal, minerals, and molasses. This is certainly the easiest option, but it may not be the cheapest or the healthiest. Many homesteaders avoid store-bought concentrate because they are concerned about the high level of pesticides that can be found in ingredients such as cottonseed-oil meal or the presence of GMO corn and GMO soybean oil meal. Despite this, the convenience factor may tip the scales in the favor of bagged mixes for you.
If you want to make your own concentrate, however, there is a world of options waiting for you. Sunflower seeds, field peas, oats, pumpkin seeds, rye, barley, mangel beets, wheat … the ingredient list of goat-approved choices is long and diverse! The specifics of how to measure the nutritional content of each ingredient is beyond the scope of this article, so if you are deciding to go this route, delve into the livestock section of your library or to join a community online and discuss the merits of each material. Communities likeThe Goat SpotandDairy Goat Infoare full of folks eager to talk anything goat.
Formulating your own concentrate gives you the opportunity to tailor your goat feed to your specific animals’ needs, whether they are dry, growing, a buck, or a milking doe. Mixing guidelines range from the “handful-o’-this, handful-o’-that” sorts of DIY people to the scientifically minded farmers who chart the protein content of every ingredient with razor precision.
如果这个想法已经开始让你头晕目眩,不要害怕。在网上和图书馆有很多关于如何制定你自己的组合的资源,很多人愿意帮助一个新的牧羊人找到他们的立足点。你不需要在网上搜索就能找到你所在地区的山羊农场,而且只要打个电话或发封邮件,你就有很多机会去参观并问你所有的问题。即使你并没有完全按照他们的方法去做,但去看看如何照顾山羊会帮助你决定如何照顾自己的羊群。
The final ingredient to consider when feeding confined goats is minerals. While foraging goats that have access to a variety of plant sources may have little to no need for minerals, you may need to do some research into your local geography to know for sure.
Certain areas west of the Great Lakes are low in iodine, and so providing free-choice iodized salt may be beneficial to your animals. Other areas of the states are low in cobalt, while some are low in calcium. Many areas in the eastern and central United States may be deficient in selenium, while others areas have such high levels that feeds grown on them may cause poisoning.
我对这个问题的建议是,像以前一样,去和你所在地区的山羊饲养员谈谈,学习他们如何处理他们的动物。2022欧洲杯葡萄牙vs德国问问他们过去有什么疾病困扰过他们,看看他们是否提供自由选择的盐或矿物质,并权衡你自己的动物的选择。2022欧洲杯葡萄牙vs德国
What Not To Feed Your Goats
Though goats don’t eat tin cans, they are curious, and will eat non-food items if left alone too long! Of particular concern are obvious toxins like rat poison and herbicides, as well as stomach-binding materials like old carpeting or tarps. Wherever you plan to keep your goats, be sure to keep these sorts of materials well out of reach, or you may have tolearn the lesson the hard way like this poor goat keeper.
Though goats can handle a lot, there are some plants you should never let them eat. Some garden plants are just plain toxic to them—something that should be kept in mind if your goats are escape artists and are eyeing your decorative plants! The most dangerous is Rhododendron—a few leaves can be deadly.
This is especially important if you have visiting friends who like to “treat” your animals from the yard—particularly children. Take the time toread through this in-depth list of plantsthat goats should avoid and take the time to get them out of reach of your animals.
Plants That Will Affect Goat Milk
If you are raising dairy goats, particularly for commercial purposes, you probably already know that letting goats have their pick of forest plants is not a good idea. Though they may not be harmful to the goat’s health, certain plants can alter the flavor of goat’s milk, resulting in unpleasant flavors.
野生大蒜、薄荷和洋葱草等植物可以提供让你鼻子起皱、脚趾弯曲的牛奶,这取决于你的口味。Check outthis pagefor more information on the types of herbs and plants that you might want to keep out of the food supply for your milking does.
Human Food To Avoid
虽然它们可能很擅长帮你清理厨房的残羹冷饭,但有些人类食物最好是偶尔给你的山羊吃,而不是正餐。少量的陈面包、香蕉皮和卷心菜心总是很受欢迎的,但试着把它们当作偶尔的款待,而不是主菜。此外,避免高热量,高度精制的材料,如蛋糕,巧克力和袋装零食。
My Personal Approach To Feeding My Goats
On my homestead, we try to feed our animals as naturally as possible. With a desire for someday having total self-sufficiency, our somewhat old-fashioned approach is to see if we are able to raise 100% of what our animals need from our land itself. We have 12 acres of land, and so we only want to keep as many animals as can be sustainably fed here.
在我们的例子中,这是一群三只山羊。我们知道,在不破坏土地的情况下,它们将有足够的食物,这就是我们认为对任何动物来说都是绝对必要的平衡。2022欧洲杯葡萄牙vs德国
我们的尼日利亚侏儒山羊不吃干草、浓缩物或额外的矿物质。我们决定从旧的资源中提取资源,同时又感到现代的做事方式不是唯一的方式——也不是最好的方式——我们几乎完全在杂草丛生的新家园上饲养动物。2022欧洲杯葡萄牙vs德国我无法理解我的山羊能茁壮成长的唯一方法是给它们买药物和袋装的含有神秘成分和副产品的山羊饲料,这些东西只存在了大约50年,而山羊已经存在了数千年了!它们肯定是设计得更好的生物。
The pastures here had not been maintained for several years before we moved here, and were overgrown with blackberry, multiflora rose, saplings, and more types of grasses and wildflowers than I even knew. Seeing it as a food-filled goat wonderland, we picketed the goats in a new area every day and let them have their fill of what the summer fields and shrubs had to offer.
With the ground thick with plantain, clover, chicory, and dandelion, we let the weeds be their minerals. For treats, we sometimes gave them black oil sunflower seeds. And with every tree we felled as we began to manage our neglected woodlot, we gave them as many maple, apple, and oak leaves as they wanted. We continued feeding them this way through the winter, and since our area of the Ozarks almost never has snow that covers the ground, our goats found forage even through the deep of winter.
令人惊讶的是,他们最大的食物来源之一是我们这几十棵橡树掉下来的橡子。他们喜欢它们,就像孩子们在糖果店里一样,在橡树下飞快地堆成一堆。每当下雨或刮风的时候,只要我们不得不让它们待在室内,我们就会从地里为它们收集饲料,包括它们心爱的橡子。
As fall passed and all the deciduous tree leaves fell away, we found that the goats transitioned nicely to eating the endless pine saplings and bramble canes that still grew green over the hills. I never had a single digestive problem with my animals, and we watched their coats grow thick and glossy. All the parasites they’d carried from the overcrowded farm that they had come from slowly disappeared. Our pregnant doe kidded without any assistance, and our hope that animalscouldbe raised this way seems to be validated.
虽然你可能会奇怪,为什么我会如此粗心大意,让我的山羊吃橡树叶和橡子,但这是一个深思熟虑的选择。尽管你可以在网上找到许多警告,我发现我的山羊非常喜欢它们。一些网站甚至会宣称它们是有毒的,而一些旧的资源则宣称它们是一种健康补品。我以为橡树是一种问题植物,直到我和当地一位以高质量的羊奶而闻名的山羊饲养者交谈。
Related Post:Raising Angora Goats for Soft and Sustainable Mohair Fiber
When I saw her prized does nibbling on fallen oak leaves, I expressed my book-learned concern and received a relaxed shrug in return. She’d never seen any negative effects and had decided to read her goats, not just the books. After that, I decided to do the same. I know that my goats ate their fill of ripe acorns throughout the winter, also with no ill affects. It wasn’t the sole element of their diet, however. As anyone who ate way too many berries as a child knows, even really good food can have bad consequences if eaten in excess!
在一天结束的时候,当你喂养你的山羊时,最重要的事情是花时间做研究,问问题,并关注你的动物。2022欧洲杯葡萄牙vs德国做对需要时间。你必须尝试,犯错误,从中吸取教训,继续改进你照顾牛群的方法。和这些古怪的动物生活在一起的时间越长,你就越能理解它们的需求。2022欧洲杯葡萄牙vs德国你越了解它们的需求,你和山羊在一起的生活就会越丰富,越可笑,越快乐。
Resources
- 山羊吃罐头吗?, Goats In The Backyard
- No, Goats Do Not Eat Tin Cans, Modern Farmer
- The Dos and Don’ts Of Feeding Your Goat Naturally, Anglo Nubian Goat Society
- Azalea Toxicity in Goats, LSU AgCenter
- Graze goats to clean up trees, brush, weeds and other unwanted plants, Leopold Center
- Toxic Plants and the Common Caprine, Cornell University Department of Animal Science – Plants Poisonous to Livestock
- The Complete Herbal Handbook for Farm and Stable, Juliette de Bairachli Levy
- The Backyard Homestead Guide to Raising Farm Animals, Gail Damerow
- Storey’s Guide to Raising Dairy Goats, Jerry Belanger
Gary Lammerssays
The tin can theories came about from goats eating the paper labels and glue off of the cans
Wren Everettsays
The more you know! Thanks for that bit of trivia to help fill in the blanks, Gary. Either way, I don’t want my goats eating glue, haha. Much better things to chow down on!